The Effect of Establishing Symbolic Coordination Relations on the Emission of Helping Responses

This study aimed to investigate how the presentation of a request for help influences the likelihood of people being willing to help. The study was conducted with two groups of participants, one experimental and one control, who were asked to report their recent problems and then were presented with a request for help. The experimental group was presented with additional statements that established a relationship of coordination between the current problem and the participants' own problems that they had just reported. The control group was only presented with a simple request for help. The results showed that the experimental group was more likely to respond to the request for help, with seven out of eight participants contacting the second experimenter and five of them actively participating in the research. In contrast, in the control group, only half of the participants made contact and three of them agreed to participate. The authors hypothesized that by comparing both situations when requesting help, the experimenter facilitated the establishment of symbolic relations of coordination between such situations, which apparently increased the probability that the request for help would evoke responses. The results suggest that the use of this strategy - comparing the experiences lived by the client with those experienced by others - can be expanded in psychotherapy and other contexts aimed at developing empathy and sensitivity towards others. However, the results need to be considered with caution due to methodological limitations. (AU)

Computer-Assisted or Instructor-Led Reading Instructions of Portuguese Words with Orthography Difficulties

This article presents the findings of a study comparing a computer-assisted teaching program to traditional instructor-led teaching for elementary school children. The study evaluated reading and writing skills and employed a group design. Results showed that both teaching approaches were effective in improving reading performance, with slightly better gains in the instructor-led version. Both conditions facilitated learning transfer to new words with spelling difficulties, although the computer-assisted condition demonstrated higher generalization in final tests. Motivational and attentional factors, easily addressed by instructors but challenging in computer programs, were highlighted. The instructor-led condition's personalized feedback and differential consequences potentially contributed to the observed differences in learning gains. Individual differences in learners' input and performance were emphasized, suggesting the need for program adaptations. The advantages of computer-assisted teaching, such as scalability and individualized pacing, were discussed, along with the need for further refinements and automation. Strategies for enhancing teaching sequence flexibility and reducing the instructor's decision-making burden were proposed. The study contributes valuable insights into computer-assisted reading instructions for children with spelling difficulties, emphasizing their benefits and areas for improvement. The research underscores the importance of designing effective technology-mediated interventions and provides guidance for future developments in this field. (AU)

Computerized assessment of food preferences in adolescents in the stimulus equivalence paradigm / Avaliação computadorizada das preferências alimentares em adolescentes no paradigma de equivalência de estímulos / Evaluación computarizada de las preferencias alimentarias de los adolescentes en lo paradigma de la equivalencia de estímulo

In Experiment 1, 71 participants were trained to match three pictures of facial expressions (one that expressed happiness and two that expressed emotional neutrality) to three abstract line drawings and match three healthy food names to the abstract line drawings. The participants were then tested to verify equivalence between facial expressions, abstract pictures, and foods. They were required to rate the foods for pleasantness at the beginning and end of the experiment. The experiment had three different experimental groups that differed only in the amount of training. The foods that were equivalent to the happy and neutral female faces received more positive evaluations than the foods that were equivalent to the neutral male face; however, the data presented high variability. In Experiment 2, schematic faces and fictitious food names were used in a delayed matching-to-sample procedure. The food that was equivalent to the happy face was evaluated as more pleasant, and the food that was equivalent to the sad face was evaluated as less pleasant.(AU).

No Experimento 1 foram ensinadas relações entre três expressões faciais (uma de alegria e duas neutras) a três desenhos abstratos e em seguida ensinado a relação de três nomes de alimentos saudáveis aos três desenhos abstratos para 71 participantes. Depois de passar pelo treino das relações, os participantes foram, então, testados para verificar a equivalência entre as expressões faciais, as imagens abstratas e os alimentos. A avaliação da preferência alimentar foi realizada no início e no final do experimento. O experimento teve três diferentes grupos experimentais que diferiam apenas na quantidade de treinamento das relações. Os alimentos equivalentes às expressões faciais de alegria e neutra feminina tiveram avaliações mais positivas do que os alimentos equivalentes à face neutra masculina, no entanto, os dados apresentaram grande variabilidade. No Experimento 2 expressões faciais esquemáticas e nomes fictícios de alimentos foram usados em um procedimento de emparelhamento com o modelo com atraso. O alimento treinado com a face feliz foi avaliado como mais agradável e o relacionado a uma face triste foi avaliado como menos agradável.(AU).

En el experimento 1 se enseñaban las relaciones entre los tres expresiones faciales (una de alegría y neutral dos) para tres diseños abstractos y luego enseñó la relación de los tres nombres de los alimentos saludables en tres diseños abstractos a 71 participantes. Después de pasar por la formación de las relaciones, los participantes fueron analizadas para la equivalencia entre las expresiones faciales, las imágenes abstractas y alimentos. La evaluación de la preferencia de alimentos se realizó al inicio y al final del experimento. El experimento consistió en tres diferentes grupos experimentales que diferían sólo en la cantidad de entrenamiento. Los alimentos equivalentes a las expresiones faciales de alegría y mujeres neutral sido objeto de evaluaciones más positivas que los alimentos equivalente a cara neutro masculino, sin embargo, los datos muestran una gran variabilidad. En el Experimento 2 expresiones faciales esquemáticos y nombres fictícios de alimentos fueron utilizados en un procedimiento de igualación a la muestra con retraso. La alimentación equivalente a la cara feliz se evaluó como más agradable y el equivalente a la cara triste se evaluó como menos agradable.(AU).

Computerized assessment of food preferences in adolescents in the stimulus equivalence paradigm / Avaliação computadorizada das preferências alimentares em adolescentes no paradigma de equivalência de estímulos / Evaluación computarizada de las preferencias alimentarias de los adolescentes en lo paradigma de la equivalencia de estímulo

In Experiment 1, 71 participants were trained to match three pictures of facial expressions (one that expressed happiness and two that expressed emotional neutrality) to three abstract line drawings and match three healthy food names to the abstract line drawings. The participants were then tested to verify equivalence between facial expressions, abstract pictures, and foods. They were required to rate the foods for pleasantness at the beginning and end of the experiment. The experiment had three different experimental groups that differed only in the amount of training. The foods that were equivalent to the happy and neutral female faces received more positive evaluations than the foods that were equivalent to the neutral male face; however, the data presented high variability. In Experiment 2, schematic faces and fictitious food names were used in a delayed matching-to-sample procedure. The food that was equivalent to the happy face was evaluated as more pleasant, and the food that was equivalent to the sad face was evaluated as less pleasant.

No Experimento 1 foram ensinadas relações entre três expressões faciais (uma de alegria e duas neutras) a três desenhos abstratos e em seguida ensinado a relação de três nomes de alimentos saudáveis aos três desenhos abstratos para 71 participantes. Depois de passar pelo treino das relações, os participantes foram, então, testados para verificar a equivalência entre as expressões faciais, as imagens abstratas e os alimentos. A avaliação da preferência alimentar foi realizada no início e no final do experimento. O experimento teve três diferentes grupos experimentais que diferiam apenas na quantidade de treinamento das relações. Os alimentos equivalentes às expressões faciais de alegria e neutra feminina tiveram avaliações mais positivas do que os alimentos equivalentes à face neutra masculina, no entanto, os dados apresentaram grande variabilidade. No Experimento 2 expressões faciais esquemáticas e nomes fictícios de alimentos foram usados em um procedimento de emparelhamento com o modelo com atraso. O alimento treinado com a face feliz foi avaliado como mais agradável e o relacionado a uma face triste foi avaliado como menos agradável.

En el experimento 1 se enseñaban las relaciones entre los tres expresiones faciales (una de alegría y neutral dos) para tres diseños abstractos y luego enseñó la relación de los tres nombres de los alimentos saludables en tres diseños abstractos a 71 participantes. Después de pasar por la formación de las relaciones, los participantes fueron analizadas para la equivalencia entre las expresiones faciales, las imágenes abstractas y alimentos. La evaluación de la preferencia de alimentos se realizó al inicio y al final del experimento. El experimento consistió en tres diferentes grupos experimentales que diferían sólo en la cantidad de entrenamiento. Los alimentos equivalentes a las expresiones faciales de alegría y mujeres neutral sido objeto de evaluaciones más positivas que los alimentos equivalente a cara neutro masculino, sin embargo, los datos muestran una gran variabilidad. En el Experimento 2 expresiones faciales esquemáticos y nombres fictícios de alimentos fueron utilizados en un procedimiento de igualación a la muestra con retraso. La alimentación equivalente a la cara feliz se evaluó como más agradable y el equivalente a la cara triste se evaluó como menos agradable.

Electrophysiological investigation of the functional overlap between semantic and equivalence relations

Recent research using the event-related potential (ERP) technique has shown that equivalence relations have properties similar to genuine semantic relations. This study aimed to advance electrophysiological investigations of the functional overlap between semantic and equivalence relations. The N400 component, an index of semantic processing, was used to measure whether semantic relations were experimentally established between arbitrary stimuli. The stimuli became equivalent via a matching-to-sample training designed to maximize the establishment of equivalence relations and the strength of the classes. Non-equivalent pairs of stimuli elicited larger N400 responses than equivalent pairs in electrodes placed over the central and parietal scalp regions, providing additional support for the assumption that stimulus equivalence is an appropriate model of semantic relations. Latency of the N400 component was shorter than in previous studies, probably due to experimental parameters that maximized relational strength. These data raise the possibility that N400 latency may provide a continuous measure of relational strength, thus supplementing the all-or-none character of equivalence tests based on matching to sample.(AU)

Electrophysiological investigation of the functional overlap between semantic and equivalence relations

Recent research using the event-related potential (ERP) technique has shown that equivalence relations have properties similar to genuine semantic relations. This study aimed to advance electrophysiological investigations of the functional overlap between semantic and equivalence relations. The N400 component, an index of semantic processing, was used to measure whether semantic relations were experimentally established between arbitrary stimuli. The stimuli became equivalent via a matching-to-sample training designed to maximize the establishment of equivalence relations and the strength of the classes. Non-equivalent pairs of stimuli elicited larger N400 responses than equivalent pairs in electrodes placed over the central and parietal scalp regions, providing additional support for the assumption that stimulus equivalence is an appropriate model of semantic relations. Latency of the N400 component was shorter than in previous studies, probably due to experimental parameters that maximized relational strength. These data raise the possibility that N400 latency may provide a continuous measure of relational strength, thus supplementing the all-or-none character of equivalence tests based on matching to sample...

Overtraining increases the strength of equivalence relations

The present study investigated whether overtraining of the conditional discriminations that are the prerequisites of equivalence class formation strengthens the relations among stimuli in an equivalence class. Two groups of college students formed equivalence classes that consisted of faces that expressed emotions (A) and arbitrary stimuli (B, C, D, and E). The overtraining group had twice as many training trials as the regular training group. For participants who formed equivalence classes, relational strength was evaluated by the generalization of expressed emotions from the A to the D stimuli, which was measured using a semantic differential. An untrained control group showed semantic differential scores that were positive for happy faces, negative for angry faces, and neutral for the D stimuli. For the experimental groups, the D stimuli, when included in equivalence classes, produced scores that were similar to those produced by the equivalent faces. The overtraining group, however, had average values closer to the values of the faces than the regular training group. These results indicate that the amount of training is an experimental parameter that influences the strength of relations between stimuli that are found to be equivalent in matching-to-sample tests...

Overtraining increases the strength of equivalence relations

The present study investigated whether overtraining of the conditional discriminations that are the prerequisites of equivalence class formation strengthens the relations among stimuli in an equivalence class. Two groups of college students formed equivalence classes that consisted of faces that expressed emotions (A) and arbitrary stimuli (B, C, D, and E). The overtraining group had twice as many training trials as the regular training group. For participants who formed equivalence classes, relational strength was evaluated by the generalization of expressed emotions from the A to the D stimuli, which was measured using a semantic differential. An untrained control group showed semantic differential scores that were positive for happy faces, negative for angry faces, and neutral for the D stimuli. For the experimental groups, the D stimuli, when included in equivalence classes, produced scores that were similar to those produced by the equivalent faces. The overtraining group, however, had average values closer to the values of the faces than the regular training group. These results indicate that the amount of training is an experimental parameter that influences the strength of relations between stimuli that are found to be equivalent in matching-to-sample tests.(AU)

Recognition of altered segments in Brazilian Sign Language

The purpose of this study was to verify discriminative control by segments of signs in adolescents with deafness who use Brazilian Sign Language (BSL). Four adolescent with bilateral deafness, with 3 years of BSL teaching, saw a video presenting a children's tale in BSL. After showing accurate understanding of the story, participants saw another video of the same story with 12 signs altered in one of their segments (hand configuration, place of articulation, or movement). They apparently did not detect the alterations. However, when the signs were presented in isolation in a matching-to-sample test, they virtually always selected the picture corresponding to the unaltered signs. Three participants selected an unfamiliar picture in 50% or more trials with an altered sign as a sample, showing that they could detect the majority of the altered signs.(AU)

Recognition of altered segments in Brazilian Sign Language

The purpose of this study was to verify discriminative control by segments of signs in adolescents with deafness who use Brazilian Sign Language (BSL). Four adolescent with bilateral deafness, with 3 years of BSL teaching, saw a video presenting a children's tale in BSL. After showing accurate understanding of the story, participants saw another video of the same story with 12 signs altered in one of their segments (hand configuration, place of articulation, or movement). They apparently did not detect the alterations. However, when the signs were presented in isolation in a matching-to-sample test, they virtually always selected the picture corresponding to the unaltered signs. Three participants selected an unfamiliar picture in 50% or more trials with an altered sign as a sample, showing that they could detect the majority of the altered signs.

Teaching Generative Reading Via Recombination of Minimal Textual Units: A Legacy of Verbal Behavior to Children in Brazil

This paper reports results of two studies that sought to teach generative reading skills to a large group of Brazilian children who were exhibiting protracted failure in school. Inspired by Skinner’s analysis of verbal relations and minimal verbal units, the methodology took advantage of certain characteristics of Portuguese. Many words in this language are comprised of two-letter syllabic units (e.g., BO+LA= ball, CA+BO= handle, LA+TA= can) that can be recombined to form new words (e.g., BOCA= mouth, BOTA= boot), thus establishing a route to generative reading via recombinative generalization. Such syllabic units were incorporated within curricular framework that used matching-to-sample and learning by exclusion methods to teach matching relations involving pictures, printed and spoken words, and printed and spoken syllables. Study 1 was conducted within a universitybased learning center that maintained certain aspects of laboratory conditions. It showed that teaching textual relations between dictated and printed syllables could control procedurally the inter- and intra-participant variability observed in past studies that lacked this feature -resulting in virtually universally positive teaching outcomes. Study 2 was conducted in a public school programs that applied the same basic training methodology. Positive training outcomes in an experimental group were approximately 3-5 times greater than that in a placebo control group. Together, these studies illustrate that the functional analysis in Verbal Behavior is having a direct impact in educational science in Brazil. It has led to procedures that can be effectively translated from the laboratory to the community via delivery systems that can be implemented in the developing world (AU)

El presente trabajo informa de dos estudios para enseñar habilidades generativas de lectura a un amplio grupo de niños brasileños con un historial de fracaso académico con tinuado. Inspirándose en el análisis de las relaciones verbales y de las unidades verbales mínimas llevado a cabo por Skinner, se empleó una metodología que aprovecha ciertas características de la lengua portuguesa. Muchas palabras en esta lengua se componen de unidades silábicas de dos letras (vg. BO+LA= bola; CA+BO= cabo; LA+TA= lata) que pueden recombinarse para formar nuevas palabras (vg. BOCA, BOTA), lo que facilitaría una ruta hacia la lectura generativa a través de la generalización recombinativa. Estas unidades silábicas fueron incorporadas a un marco de trabajo curricular en el que se emplearon métodos de igualación a la muestra y de aprendizaje por exclusión para la enseñanza de relaciones de igualación o emparejamiento entre imágenes, palabras impresas y habladas, y sílabas impresas y habladas. El Estudio 1 se llevó a cabo en un centro de aprendizaje universitario que en parte reunía las condiciones de un laboratorio. Este estudio mostró que enseñar relaciones textuales entre sílabas dictadas e impresas podía servir para controlar la variabilidad inter e intra-participantes observada en estudios anteriores que carecían de este entrenamiento, obteniéndose resultados de aprendizaje positivos generalizados. El estudio 2 se llevó a cabo en una escuela pública, y se empleó la misma metodología básica de entrenamiento que en el primer estudio. Los resultados positivos de aprendizaje del grupo de entrenamiento fueron entre 3 y 5 veces superiores a los de un grupo control placebo. Ambos estudios ilustran cómo el análisis funcional basado en Conducta Verbal está teniendo un impacto directo sobre la ciencia educativa en Brasil. Esta aproximación ha generado procedimientos trasladables de manera efectiva del laboratorio a la aplicación comunitaria en el mundo en vías de desarrollo (AU)

Procedimentos de emparelhamento com o modelo e possíveis aplicações na avaliação de habilidades de linguagem / Matching procedures with the model and possible applications in assessment of language skills

Procedimentos de emparelhamento com o modelo (ECM) são amplamente empregados na pesquisa experimental de processos comportamentais complexos. Sua utilização na avaliação clínica de habilidades de linguagem, todavia, tem sido pouco explorada. No presente estudo, ilustra-se a aplicação de tarefas de ECM na avaliação de habilidades de reconhecimento auditivo de palavras e nomeação de figuras em um menino com perda auditiva de grau severo. O participante foi submetido a diferentes testes informatizados de reconhecimento auditivo e nomeação, que eram repetidos até que desempenho acurado fosse observado. Em tentativas de reconhecimento apresentava-se como modelo uma palavra ditada e três figuras como alternativas de escolha, uma das quais era definida como correta em presença do modelo. Em tentativas de nomeação, o computador apresentava uma figura com instrução para nomeação...

Procedures of matching to sample (ECM) are widely use don experimental studies of complex behavioral processes. Its use in clinical evaluation of language skills, however, has not been explored. This study illustrates the application of ECM tasks in the assessment of skills of auditory recognition of words and naming fi gures in a child with severe hearing loss. The participant was submitted to different computerized tests for auditory recognition and naming, which were repeated until accurate performance was observed. In attempts of recognition it was presented as model a dictated word and three pictures as alternative choices, one of which was defined as correct in the presence of the model In attempts of naming, the computer showed a figure with instruction for naming...

Medida do grau de relacionamento entre estímulos equivalentes / Measuring the relatedness of equivalent stimuli

Este estudo apresenta um procedimento para verificar a existência de 'graus de relacionamento' diferentes entre estímulos equivalentes por meio de uma medida quantitativa de compartilhamento de funções. Dois grupos de estudantes universitários participaram do estudo. Os participantes do grupo experimental estabeleceram classes de equivalência entre figuras abstratas e fotografias de faces expressando alegria, raiva e nojo. Em seguida, avaliaram algumas das figuras abstratas usando um instrumento de diferencial semântico. O mesmo instrumento foi utilizado na avaliação das faces e figuras pelos participantes do grupo controle, não treinados a estabelecer relações entre esses estímulos. Esses últimos participantes avaliaram as figuras como neutras e as avaliações que fizeram das faces corresponderam às avaliações das figuras equivalentes a elas feitas pelos participantes do grupo experimental. A comparação entre os valores atribuídos às faces e às figuras dá uma medida quantitativa do grau de relacionamento entre esses estímulos e essa medida pode ser usada no estudo de parâmetros da formação de classes como o número de nódulos.(AU)

There are methodological difficulties to quantify the relatedness of equivalent stimuli. The purpose of this study was to create an instrument that could be helpful in this process. Two groups of college students took part in this study. The experimental group established equivalence classes comprised of abstract pictures and pictures of faces expressing anger, happiness and disgust. They then evaluated some of these pictures with a semantic differential. The control group used the same instrument in evaluating faces and figures, untrained in establishing relations between those stimuli. The control group assessed the figures as neutral and their assessment of the faces corresponded to that carried out by the participants of the experimental group - to them, the figures were equivalents to the faces. The comparison between the values attributed to the faces and figures provides a quantitative measurement of the degree of relatedness between those stimuli and that may be used to study parameters such as the number of nodes.(AU)

Responder por exclusão em crianças de 2 a 3 anos em uma situação de brincadeira / Exclusion responding by 2 to 3 year-old children in a play setting

O responder por 'exclusão', que se supõe ser um dos mecanismos pelos quais crianças aprendem a relacionar palavras novas a objetos ou eventos, tem sido amplamente replicado em situação de laboratório. O presente estudo, conduzido com seis crianças, teve por objetivo investigar o responder por exclusão em um contexto de brincadeira, com estímulos manipuláveis, e verificar se este contexto favorece a aprendizagem da relação nome - objeto, após uma única tentativa de exclusão. Em cada tentativa o experimentador falava o nome de um brinquedo conhecido e a tarefa da criança era pegá-lo e jogá-lo dentro de uma caixa grande, disposta à frente da criança. Em meio a essas tentativas, eram introduzidas três sondas de exclusão (o nome falado era novo e havia um brinquedo novo exposto no ambiente); três outras sondas verificavam se a relação entre o nome e o brinquedo havia sido aprendida. Todas as crianças responderam por exclusão, mas somente uma mostrou aprendizagem após uma única tentativa.(AU)

Laboratory studies have repeatedly replicated the phenomenon of exclusion responding, which has been assumed as one of the mechanisms by which children learn to relate novel words to objects or events. The present study, conducted with six children, aimed to investigate exclusion responding in a play setting, with stimuli that could be manipulated, and to verify whether the play setting would favor learning of the relationships between names and objects after a single exclusion trial. In several trials the experimenter spoke the name of a familiar toy and the child's task was to pick this toy up and throw it into a box, placed in front of the child. Three exclusion probes were interspersed among these trials (the spoken name was novel and there was a novel toy available); three other probes verified whether the relationships between the novel name and the toy had been learned. All children responded by exclusion but only one of them demonstrated learning the relationships in a single trial.(AU)

Equivalência de estímulos em participantes com Síndrome de Down: efeitos da utilização de palavras com diferenças múltiplas ou críticas e análise de controle restrito de estímulos / Equivalence relations in children with intellectual disabilities: search about procedures using stimuli with multiple or critical differences and restricted stimulus control

O presente trabalho teve o propósito de investigar a formação de equivalência de estímulos com indivíduos portadores de Síndrome de Down. Foram ensinadas discriminações condicionais auditivo-visuais para tais participantes, utilizando pseudo-palavras e manipulando distintamente o número de elementos idênticos (letras)presentes nas palavras em duas condições experimentais. Os estímulos utilizados foram palavras dissílabas do tipo consoante mais vogal. Na primeira das condições experimentais, as palavras apresentavam diferenças múltiplas(uma ou duas letras em comum) e na segunda, diferenças críticas entre si (palavras com três ou quatro letras em comum). Os participantes foram quatro indivíduos com Síndrome de Down. Foram treinadas, por meio de procedimentos de emparelhamento com o modelo, as relações entre palavras ditadas e figuras, e entre palavrasditadas e impressas. Com dois participantes, treinou-se também as respostas de construção por meio da seleção ordenada de cada elemento do estímulo impresso. Foram testadas as nomeações de palavras impressas e figuras e os emparelhamentos entre palavra impressa-figura e figura-palavra impressa. Os resultados sugerem que três dos quatro participantes apresentaram a formação de classes de equivalência nas duas condições experimentais. O outro participante mostrou indícios de formação de classes apenas na primeira condição experimental. Dois participantes apresentaram maiores dificuldades nos treinos e testes da segunda condição. As dificuldades encontradas por elespodem ser atribuídas a controle restrito de estímulos(AU)

The present study attempted to investigate stimulus equivalence formation by participants with Down’s syndrome. Participants learned auditory-visual conditional discriminations with pseudo-words and was manipulated the stimulus similarity in two experimental conditions. The stimuli had multiple differences between them in the first condition, and had critical differences between them in the second condition. Four individuals with Down’s syndrome participated. Relations between dictated words and pictures and between dictated and printed words were trained through matching to sample procedures. Two participants also learned responses of constructing the words by the ordinal selection of their elements. Performances tested were naming of printed words and pictures,and matching printed words to pictures and pictures to printed words. Results suggested that three of the four participants formed equivalence classes in both experimental conditions, where as the other participant showed signs of class formation only in the first experimental condition. Two participants had more difficulties with training and testing in the second condition. The difficulties were attributed to restricted stimulus control.(AU)

Medida do grau de relacionamento entre estímulos equivalentes / Measuring the relatedness of equivalent stimuli

Este estudo apresenta um procedimento para verificar a existência de "graus de relacionamento" diferentes entre estímulos equivalentes por meio de uma medida quantitativa de compartilhamento de funções. Dois grupos de estudantes universitários participaram do estudo. Os participantes do grupo experimental estabeleceram classes de equivalência entre figuras abstratas e fotografias de faces expressando alegria, raiva e nojo. Em seguida, avaliaram algumas das figuras abstratas usando um instrumento de diferencial semântico. O mesmo instrumento foi utilizado na avaliação das faces e figuras pelos participantes do grupo controle, não treinados a estabelecer relações entre esses estímulos. Esses últimos participantes avaliaram as figuras como neutras e as avaliações que fizeram das faces corresponderam às avaliações das figuras equivalentes a elas feitas pelos participantes do grupo experimental. A comparação entre os valores atribuídos às faces e às figuras dá uma medida quantitativa do grau de relacionamento entre esses estímulos e essa medida pode ser usada no estudo de parâmetros da formação de classes como o número de nódulos.

There are methodological difficulties to quantify the relatedness of equivalent stimuli. The purpose of this study was to create an instrument that could be helpful in this process. Two groups of college students took part in this study. The experimental group established equivalence classes comprised of abstract pictures and pictures of faces expressing anger, happiness and disgust. They then evaluated some of these pictures with a semantic differential. The control group used the same instrument in evaluating faces and figures, untrained in establishing relations between those stimuli. The control group assessed the figures as neutral and their assessment of the faces corresponded to that carried out by the participants of the experimental group - to them, the figures were equivalents to the faces. The comparison between the values attributed to the faces and figures provides a quantitative measurement of the degree of relatedness between those stimuli and that may be used to study parameters such as the number of nodes.

Responder por exclusão em crianças de 2 a 3 anos em uma situação de brincadeira / Exclusion responding by 2 to 3 year-old children in a play setting

O responder por exclusão, que se supõe ser um dos mecanismos pelos quais crianças aprendem a relacionar palavras novas a objetos ou eventos, tem sido amplamente replicado em situação de laboratório. O presente estudo, conduzido com seis crianças, teve por objetivo investigar o responder por exclusão em um contexto de brincadeira, com estímulos manipuláveis, e verificar se este contexto favorece a aprendizagem da relação nome - objeto, após uma única tentativa de exclusão. Em cada tentativa o experimentador falava o nome de um brinquedo conhecido e a tarefa da criança era pegá-lo e jogá-lo dentro de uma caixa grande, disposta à frente da criança. Em meio a essas tentativas, eram introduzidas três sondas de exclusão (o nome falado era novo e havia um brinquedo novo exposto no ambiente); três outras sondas verificavam se a relação entre o nome e o brinquedo havia sido aprendida. Todas as crianças responderam por exclusão, mas somente uma mostrou aprendizagem após uma única tentativa.

Laboratory studies have repeatedly replicated the phenomenon of exclusion responding, which has been assumed as one of the mechanisms by which children learn to relate novel words to objects or events. The present study, conducted with six children, aimed to investigate exclusion responding in a play setting, with stimuli that could be manipulated, and to verify whether the play setting would favor learning of the relationships between names and objects after a single exclusion trial. In several trials the experimenter spoke the name of a familiar toy and the child's task was to pick this toy up and throw it into a box, placed in front of the child. Three exclusion probes were interspersed among these trials (the spoken name was novel and there was a novel toy available); three other probes verified whether the relationships between the novel name and the toy had been learned. All children responded by exclusion but only one of them demonstrated learning the relationships in a single trial.

Efeitos de seis manipulações experimentais sobre a aprendizagem de uma nova resposta de fuga / Effects of six experimental manipulations on the learning of a new escape response

Denomina-se desamparo aprendido o efeito deletério da exposição prévia a situações aversivas incontroláveis sobre a aquisição de novas respostas. Este estudo investigou o efeito de seis manipulações experimentais sobre a aquisição de uma resposta de fuga. Quarenta e oito ratos foram distribuídos em seis grupos de oito. Cada sujeito foi submetido a três sessões experimentais. Na primeira sessão, conforme o grupo a que pertencia, ou o animal recebia choques que podia interromper ou recebia choques que só podiam ser interrompidos por outro sujeito, ou não recebia tratamento aversivo. Na segunda sessão, metade dos animais recebia choques incontroláveis e a outra metade não recebia estimulação elétrica. Na terceira sessão, todos os sujeitos tinham a possibilidade de desligar os choques. Os sujeitos que puderam interromper a apresentação dos estímulos na primeira sessão, mesmo aqueles que receberam choques incontroláveis na sessão seguinte, aprenderam a resposta de fuga na última sessão, o que não se verificou entre os animais submetidos inicialmente à incontrolabilidade. Estes resultados replicam o que se obtém normalmente em pesquisas que tratam do desamparo aprendido. Porém, o fraco desempenho dos sujeitos que não receberam choques nas duas primeiras sessões coloca em questão a contingência utilizada para testar a aprendizagem(AU)

Efeitos de seis manipulações experimentais sobre a aprendizagem de uma nova resposta de fuga / Effects of six experimental manipulations on the learning of a new escape response

Denomina-se desamparo aprendido o efeito deletério da exposição prévia a situações aversivas incontroláveis sobre a aquisição de novas respostas. Este estudo investigou o efeito de seis manipulações experimentais sobre a aquisição de uma resposta de fuga. Quarenta e oito ratos foram distribuídos em seis grupos de oito. Cada sujeito foi submetido a três sessões experimentais. Na primeira sessão, conforme o grupo a que pertencia, ou o animal recebia choques que podia interromper ou recebia choques que só podiam ser interrompidos por outro sujeito, ou não recebia tratamento aversivo. Na segunda sessão, metade dos animais recebia choques incontroláveis e a outra metade não recebia estimulação elétrica. Na terceira sessão, todos os sujeitos tinham a possibilidade de desligar os choques. Os sujeitos que puderam interromper a apresentação dos estímulos na primeira sessão, mesmo aqueles que receberam choques incontroláveis na sessão seguinte, aprenderam a resposta de fuga na última sessão, o que não se verificou entre os animais submetidos inicialmente à incontrolabilidade. Estes resultados replicam o que se obtém normalmente em pesquisas que tratam do desamparo aprendido. Porém, o fraco desempenho dos sujeitos que não receberam choques nas duas primeiras sessões coloca em questão a contingência utilizada para testar a aprendizagem.

Correspondência entre auto-relatos e desempenhos acadêmicos antecedentes em crianças com história de fracasso escolar / Correspondence between self-reports and antecedent academic performances in children with history of school failure

Este estudo investigou variáveis controladoras de auto-relatos de crianças com história de fracasso escolar sobre desempenhos acadêmicos antecedentes e condições para produzir auto-relatos precisos, correspondentes a ações antecedentes. Quatro crianças do ciclo básico escolar participaram. “Fazer” consistiu em ler em voz alta uma palavra escrita. “Dizer” consistiu em relatar se sua leitura havia sido ou não correta. Numa condição linha de base, na ausência do experimentador e sem conseqüências contingentes à correspondência, os participantes sistematicamente relataram como corretas as suas leituras incorretas. A presença do experimentador e o reforço de correspondência foram condições efetivas para aumentar o número de relatos precisos desses desempenhos. Uma história de punição de erros, provavelmente, controlou inicialmente o auto-relato impreciso das crianças.(AU)

This study investigated variables that control self-reports of children with a history of school failure about antecedent academic tasks and how to obtain correspondence between self-reports and previous actions. Four children from elementary school participated. “Doing” consisted of reading aloud a written word. “Saying”consisted of reporting if his/her’s reading was correct or incorrect. In a baseline condition, with the experimenter absent and no consequences contingent to correspondence, children systematically reported as correct their incorrect reading responses. Two conditions were effective to increase precise reports of reading responses: presence of the experimenter and reinforcement of correspondence. A history of punishment for errors was probably controlling the children´s initially inaccurate reports.(AU)